https://lithub.com/trees-before-trees-a-natural-history-of-billions-of-years-of-plant-evolution/
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“I use the term rob deliberately because chloroplasts are captives of plants.”
“How did we get land plants with leaves?”
“Cyanobacteria did not evolve the genes for photosynthesis de novo, they acquired them by horizontal gene transfer.”
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“You wait 40 million years for a leafy plant to come along, and then six whole fleets of them arrive at once!”
“Though devoid of intentionality, plants are no different when they perform the signature trick of photosynthesis.”
“The presence of a tree-size fungus in a world before trees had evolved tells us something important about the terrestrial ecosystem in which it lived.”
“Once leaf evolution had begun, it had a series of knock-on effects with planet-changing consequences.”
“At the time plants arrived on land, the climate was hot, and the atmospheric concentration of COA was high.”
“COA enters leaves through tiny pores called stomata.”
“It is easy to imagine how such a photosynthetic bacterium could have been grazed off the rocks by the algal ancestor.”
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“Like the forensic solution to many a murder, the unraveling of this evolutionary mystery is to be found in DNA.”
“This alga goes through a stage in its development when it lacks a rigid cell wall, and it swallows bacteria.”
“How did chloroplasts, which hold all the cards to carbon capture, themselves become captives?”
“From them we learn that oxygen-generating photosynthesis and chloroplasts evolved only once.”
“Fossil soils have been found that were formed by microbial mats made of bacteria and fungi, sustained by cyanobacteria.”
“Leaves are showcases for chloroplasts, designed by natural selection to display them to light, to supply them with the raw materials that they need, and then to rob them of the sugar that they make.”
“Over our heads is a palimpsest of evolutionary history containing millions of leaves teeming with billions of chloroplasts.”